Method for assessing the anti-carbon properties of unmanned aerial vehicle engines

At present, the process of design and production of unmanned aerial vehicles has been making progress in Russia, which is caused by the relatively low cost, small size, absence of life hazard to a pilot, stealth, self-sustainability, mobility compared to manned aircraft. At the same time, two-stroke gasoline engines, possessing a higher power-to-volume ratio, unsophisticated design, and lower production costs in comparison with four-stroke gasoline engines, have become widely used in these aircraft. These engines lack a conventional lubrication system, so the oil is supplied to lubricate the cylinder-piston group in the form of a fuel-oil mixture, which burns during the operating procedure together with the fuel. In this case, high-temperature deposits such as carbon and lacquer are accumulated on the parts of the cylinder-piston group. The formation of carbon reduces the engine power, its service life and efficiency, causes an increase in operating costs. One of the solutions to this problem is the use of motor oils with a high level of anti-carbon properties. However, currently a method for assessing the anti-carbon oil properties for unmanned aerial vehicle engines is not available. In accordance with the described chemmotological process, the method was developed, the test equipment (Panel Coking Test Apparatus) was selected and the test modes were established (plate temperature – 290°C, oil temperature in the crankcase – 100°C, spray speed – 800 rev/min, test time – 4 h), allowing you to evaluate and rank motor oils for unmanned aircraft engines based on the anti-carbon properties in the laboratory. As tested, Motul Kart Grand Prix 2T oil has the least tendency for carbonization among tested motor oil samples. Laboratory and bench tests of Novoyl-DD and Motul Kart Grand Prix 2T oils show a high degree of convergence.

1. Kuznetsov, G.A. (2010). Unmanned aircraft with piston engines. Layouts and designs. Moscow: Sputnik+, 194 p. (in Russian)

2. Sinyatkin, D.A., Bozhkov, A.Y., Gorchakov, M.A. (2018). Creation of multifunctional unmanned aerial vehicles: ways to solve problematic issues. Voennaya Mysl', no. 10, pp. 86–91. (in Russian)

3. Mikhailov, D.A. (2015). Development of UAV counteraction systems in Israel. Zarubezhnoye voyennoye obozreniye, no. 12, pp. 85–86. (in Russian)

4. Tyschenko, V.A., Ovchinnikov, K.A., Zhumljakova, M.A., Eremin, M.S., Galkina, O.V., Novikov, S.A., Khoroshev, Yu.N. (2014). Research in the field of oils development for two-stroke gasoline engines. World of Petroleum Products. Scientific and Technical Journal, no. 12, pp. 13–17. (in Russian)

5. Torkhov, G.I. (2009). Two-stroke engines of light and ultralight aircraft. Permian: Zvezda, 263 p. (in Russian)

6. Ivanov, A.V., Kriushin, S.A., Seleznev, M.V. (2019). Substantiation of oil requirements for two-stroke engines of unmanned aerial vehicles. Scientific Investigations of the 25-th State Research Institute of Chemmotology, Ministry of Defence of Russian Federation, no. 1, pp. 116–121. (in Russian)

7. Panov, V.V. (1995). Increase of efficiency of two-stroke gasoline internal combustion engines: D. of Tech. Sc. Thesis. Vladimir, 462 p. (in Russian)

8. Samusenko, V.D. (2017). Development of a methodology for the operational evaluation of anti-bullying properties of oils for two-stroke petrol engines: Cand. of Tech. Sc. Thesis. Moscow: NIU MGSU, 102 p. (in Russian)

9. Manshev, D.A., Ivanov, A.V., Kriushin, S.A., Chernysheva, A.V., Potupchik, S.G. (2020). Performance study of motor oil intended for small-sized reciprocating aviation engine. Scientific Investigations of the 25-th State Research Institute of Chemmotology, Ministry of Defence of Russian Federation, vol. 59, pp. 253–261. (in Russian)

10. Meshcherin, E.M., Ostrovskaya, M.E. (1989). Oils for two-stroke gasoline engines. Moscow: TSNIITEneftekhim, 72 p. (in Russian)

11. Vorobieva, E.I. (2001). Research and development of environmentally improved oil for two-stroke petrol engines: Cand. of Tech. Sc. Thesis. Moscow: RGU nefti i gaza im. I.M. Gubkina, 91 p. (in Russian)

12. Chudinovskikh, A.L., Meschcherin, E.M., Bartko, R.V. (2014). Forecasting of oils tendency to deposits formation in twostroke gasoline engines. World of Petroleum Products. Scientific and Technical Journal, no. 8, pp. 26–27. (in Russian)

13. Safonov, A.S., Ushakov, A.I., Grishin, V.V. (2007). Chemmotology of fuel and lubricating materials. St. Petersburg: NPIKTs, 488 p. (in Russian)

14. Beard, R.W., McLain, T.W. (2012). Small Unmanned Aircraft: Theory and Practice. 2nd ed. Publisher: Princeton University Press, 320 p.

15. Gryadunov, K.I. (2021). Chemmotology of aviation fuel and lubricants: lecture texts. Moscow: ID Akademii Zhukovskogo, 184 p. (in Russian)

16. Isaenko, Y.K. (1972). Development of a method for evaluating and studying antiseizure properties of oils with additives on a two-stroke carburetor engine: Cand. of Tech. Sc. Thesis. Moscow, 139 p. (in Russian)

17. Pimenov, Y.M. (1994). Planning an experiment in the tasks of chemmotology: Tutorial. St. Petersburg: VATT, 108 p. (in Russian)

18. Guhman, A.A. (1973). Introduction to the theory of similarity. 2nd ed. Moscow: Vysshaya shkola, 296 p. (in Russian)

19. Spirin, N.A., Lavrov, V.V., Zainullin, L.A., Bondin, A.R., Burykin, A.A. (2015). Methods of planning and processing the results of engineering experiment: Tutorial, in Spirin N.A. (Ed.). Yekaterinburg: UINTs, 290 p. (in Russian)

20. Moikin, A.A., Medzhibovsky, A.S., Kriushin, S.A., Seleznev, M.V., Kirikov, E.N. (2020). Development of thickened semisynthetic engine oil M-5z / 20 AERO for fourstroke gasoline engines aircraft piston of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). World of Petroleum Products. Scientific and Technical Journal, no. 6, pp. 44–47. DOI: 10.32758/2071-5951- 2020-0-6-44-47 (in Russian)

21. Grishin, N.N., Sereda, V.V. (2016). Encyclopedia of Chemmotology. Moscow: Pero, 959 p. (in Russian).