<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">caht</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Научный вестник МГТУ ГА</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Civil Aviation High Technologies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-0619</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-0119</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation (MSTU CA)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26467/2079-0619-2026-29-2-121-132</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">caht-2753</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МАШИНОСТРОЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MECHANICAL ENGINEERING</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сравнительное исследование потребной мощности соосного и одиночного эквивалентного винтов на режимах висения и горизонтального полета</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comparative study of required power of coaxial rotor and equivalent single rotor at the hover and forward flight modes</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макеев</surname><given-names>П. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Makeev</surname><given-names>P. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Макеев Павел Вячеславович, кандидат технических наук, доцент, доцент кафедры проектирования вертолетов</p><p>г. Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pavel V. Makeev, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Design and Certification of Aviation Equipment Chair</p><p>Moscow </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">makeevpv@mai.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский авиационный институт (национальный исследовательский университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow Aviation Institute (National Research University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>05</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>121</fpage><lpage>132</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Макеев П.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Макеев П.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Makeev P.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://avia.mstuca.ru/jour/article/view/2753">https://avia.mstuca.ru/jour/article/view/2753</self-uri><abstract><p>Соосный несущий винт (НВ), состоящий из верхнего (ВВ) и нижнего (ВН) винтов с конструктивным разносом плоскостей и различным направлением вращения, обладает рядом преимуществ в аэродинамических характеристиках по сравнению с эквивалентным одиночным НВ того же радиуса, имеющим двойные число лопастей и заполнение. Модель эквивалентного НВ часто используется в приближенных методах аэродинамического расчета. Особенности соосного НВ в этом случае учитываются специальными поправками. Для этого необходимы данные по аэродинамическим характеристикам соосного и эквивалентного НВ на различных режимах работы. Статья посвящена сравнительному исследованию аэродинамических характеристик соосного и эквивалентного НВ. Рассмотрен соосный НВ вертолета Ка-226. Исследования выполнены на базе нелинейной лопастной вихревой модели винта. Рассмотрены режимы висения и горизонтального полета в диапазоне скоростей V = 0–60 м/c. Расчеты выполнены с учетом балансировки и компенсации аэродинамических нагрузок, возникающих на планере вертолета, принятых условно одинаковыми для обоих НВ. Установлено, что потребная мощность соосного НВ на висении (V = 0) на 6 % меньше, чем у эквивалентного НВ при равной тяге. При V = 20 м/c преимущество соосного НВ достигает 8 %, а затем плавно снижается. При V &gt; 60 м/c потребная мощность соосного и эквивалентного НВ при прочих равных не отличается. Полученные результаты дополняют имеющиеся сведения об особенностях аэродинамики соосного и эквивалентного НВ и также могут применяться для уточнения приближенных методов расчета летно-технических характеристик и в моделях динамики полета соосного вертолета, использующих модель эквивалентного НВ.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A coaxial main rotor (MR), consisting of upper (UR) and lower (LR) rotors with a spacing of planes and a different direction of rotation, has a number of advantages in aerodynamic characteristics compared to an equivalent single rotor of the same radius, having a double number of blades and solidity. The equivalent MR model is often used in approximate methods of aerodynamic calculation. In this case, the features of the coaxial MR are taken into account using special corrections. This requires data on the coaxial and equivalent MR aerodynamic characteristics in various operating modes. The article is dedicated to comparative study of the coaxial and equivalent MR aerodynamic characteristics. The Ka-226 helicopter coaxial MR is considered. The research was performed on the basis of the free vortex wake model of a rotor. The modes of hovering and forward flight in the speed range of V = 0–60 m/s were considered. The calculations were performed taking into account the rotor trim and compensation of aerodynamic loads occurring on the helicopter airframe, assumed to be the same for both rotors. It was found that the required power of a coaxial MR at hovering (V = 0) is 6% less than that of an equivalent MR with equal thrust. At V = 20 m/s, the advantage of the coaxial MR reaches 8%, and then gradually decreases. At V &gt; 60 m/s, the required power of the coaxial and equivalent MR, all other things being equal, does not differ. The results obtained complement the available information on the features of the coaxial and equivalent MR aerodynamics and can also be used to refine approximate methods for calculating flight performance and flight dynamics models of coaxial helicopters using the equivalent MR model.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>соосный винт</kwd><kwd>эквивалентный одиночный винт</kwd><kwd>нелинейная вихревая модель</kwd><kwd>висение</kwd><kwd>горизонтальный полет</kwd><kwd>аэродинамические характеристики</kwd><kwd>потребная мощность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>coaxial rotor</kwd><kwd>equivalent single rotor</kwd><kwd>free vortex wake model</kwd><kwd>hovering</kwd><kwd>forward flight</kwd><kwd>aerodynamic characteristics</kwd><kwd>required power</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Петросян Э.А. Аэродинамика соосного вертолета. М.: Полигон-пресс, 2004. 820 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrosian, E.A. (2004). Coaxial helicopter aerodynamics. Moscow: Polygon-Press, 820 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bourtsev B.N. Helicopter wake form visualization results and their application to coaxial rotor analysis at hover / B.N. Bourtsev, V.I. Ryabov, S.V. Selemenev, V.P. Butov // 27th European Rotorcraft Forum. Russia, Moscow, 11–14 September 2001. Pp. 64.1–6.13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bourtsev, B.N., Ryabov, V.l., Selemenev, S.V., Butov, V.P. (2001). Helicopter wake form visualization results and their application to coaxial rotor analysis at hover. In: 27th European Rotorcraft Forum. Moscow, Russia, 11–14 September, pp. 64.1–6.13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vassiliyev B.A. The Кa-226 helicopter flight performance and its compliance with the modern requirements / B.A. Vassiliyev, V.N. Kvokov, F.N. Pavlidi, E.A. Petrosian, E.B. Feofilov // Proceedings of the 33th European Rotorcraft Forum. Russia, Kazan, 11–13 September 2007. 12 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vassiliyev, B.A., Kvokov, V.N., Pavlidi, F.N., Petrosian, E.A., Feofilov, E.B. (2007). The Кa-226 helicopter flight performance and its compliance with the modern requirements. In: Proceedings of the 33th European Rotorcraft Forum. Russia, Kazan, 11-13 September, 12 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Burtsev B.N., Ryabov V.I., Selemenev S.V. Mathematical modeling of Кa-226 / Кa-26 Helicopter main rotor blade flapping motion at rotor acceleration / Deceleration in wind conditions // Proceedings of the 33rd European Rotorcraft Forum. Russia, Kazan, 11-13 September 2007. 14 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Burtsev, B.N., Ryabov, V.I., Selemenev, S.V. (2007). Mathematical modeling of Кa-226 / Кa-26 Helicopter main rotor blade flapping motion at rotor acceleration / Deceleration in wind conditions. In: Proceedings of the 33rd European Rotorcraft Forum, Russia, Kazan, 11-13 September, 14 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Крицкий Б.С. Пульсации тяги соосного несущего винта, обусловленные взаимным расположением лопастей / Б.С. Крицкий, Р.М. Миргазов, В.А. Аникин, О.В. Герасимов // Научный вестник МГТУ ГА. 2020. Т. 23, № 4. С. 96–104. DOI: 10.26467/2079-0619-2020-23-4-96-104</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kritsky, B.S., Mirgazov, R.M., Anikin, V.A., Gerasimov, O.V. (2020). Thrust pulsation of coaxial main rotor, caused by the blades relative position. Civil Aviation High Technologies, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 96–104. DOI: 10.26467/2079-0619-2020-23-4-96-104</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ruddell A.J. Advancing blade concept (ABCTM) development // Journal of the American Helicopter Society. 1977. Vol. 22, no. 1. Pp. 13–23. DOI: 10.4050/JAHS.22.1.13</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ruddell, A.J. (1977). Advancing blade concept (ABCTM) development. Journal of the American Helicopter Society, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 13–23. DOI: 10.4050/JAHS.22.1.13</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bagai A. Aerodynamic design of the X2 technology demonstrator main rotor blade // 64th Proceedings. Annual Forum of the American Helicopter Society, 2008. Vol. 1. Pp. 29–44.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bagai, A. (2008). Aerodynamic design of the X2 technology demonstrator main rotor blade. In: 64th Proceedings. Annual Forum of the American Helicopter Society, vol. 1, pp. 29–44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bradley J.P., Sridharan A., James D.B. Computational investigation of coaxial rotor interactional aerodynamics in steady forward flight // 33rd AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference. USA, Dallas, TX, 22-26 June 2015. 29 p. DOI: 10.2514/6.2015-2883</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bradley, J.P., Sridharan, A., James, D.B. (2015). Computational investigation of coaxial rotor interactional aerodynamics in steady forward flight. In: 33rd AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference, USA, Dallas, TX, 22–26 June, 29 p. DOI: 10.2514/6.2015-2883</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klimchenko V., Sridharan A., Baeder J. CFD/CSD Study of the aerodynamic interactions of a coaxial rotor in high-speed forward flight // 35th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference. USA, Denver, Colorado, 5-9 June 2017. 22 p. DOI: 10.2514/6.2017-4454</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klimchenko, V., Sridharan, A., Baeder, J. (2017) CFD/CSD Study of the aerodynamic interactions of a coaxial rotor in highspeed forward flight. In: 35th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference. USA, Denver, Colorado, 5-9 June, 22 p. DOI: 10.2514/6.2017-4454</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tan J., Sun Y., Barakos G. Unsteady loads for coaxial rotors in forward flight computed using a vortex particle method // The Aeronautical Journal. 2018. Vol. 122, iss. 1251. Pp. 693–714. DOI: 10.1017/aer.2018.8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tan, J., Sun, Y., Barakos, G. (2018). Unsteady loads for coaxial rotors in forward flight computed using a vortex particle method. The Aeronautical Journal, vol. 122, issue 1251, pp. 693–714. DOI: 10.1017/aer.2018.8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feil R. Aeromechanics analysis of a high-advance-ratio lift-offset coaxial rotor system / R. Feil, J. Rauleder, C. Cameron, J. Sirohi [Электронный ресурс] // Journal of Aircraft. 2018. Vol. 56, no. 1. 13 p. DOI: 10.2514/1.C034748 (дата обращения: 10.08.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feil, R., Rauleder, J., Cameron, C., Sirohi, J. (2018). Aeromechanics analysis of a high-advance-ratio lift-offset coaxial rotor system. Journal of Aircraft, vol. 56, no. 1, 13 p. DOI: 10.2514/1.C034748 (accessed: 10.08.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Puneet S., Peretz P.F. Aeroelastic stability analysis of hingeless coaxial rotors in hover and forward flight // VFS Aeromechanics for Advanced Vertical Flight Technical Meeting. USA, San Jose, 21-23 January 2020. 20 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Puneet, S., Peretz, P.F. (2020). Aeroelastic stability analysis of hingeless coaxial rotors in hover and forward flight. In: VFS Aeromechanics for Advanced Vertical Flight Technical Meeting, USA, San Jose, 21–23 January, 20 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang B. Geometry design of coaxial rigid rotor in high-speed forward flight / B. Wang, X. Yuan, Q. Zhao, Z. Zhu [Электронный ресурс] // International Journal of Aerospace Engineering. 2020. 18 p. DOI: 10.1155/2020/6650375 (дата обращения: 10.08.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang, B., Yuan, X., Zhao, Q., Zhu, Z. (2020). Geometry design of coaxial rigid rotor in high-speed forward flight. International Journal of Aerospace Engineering, 18 p. DOI: 10.1155/2020/6650375 (accessed: 10.08.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kwon Y.M. Aeromechanics analyses of a modern lift-offset coaxial rotor in high-speed forward flight / Y.M. Kwon, J.S. Park, S.Y. Wie, H.J. Kang, D.H. Kim // International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences. 2021. Vol. 22. Pp. 338–351. DOI: 10.1007/s42405-020-00300-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kwon, Y.M., Park, J.S., Wie, S.Y., Kang, H.J., Kim, D.H. (2021). Aeromechanics analyses of a modern lift-offset coaxial rotor in high-speed forward flight. International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences, vol. 22, pp. 338–351. DOI: 10.1007/s42405-020-00300-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qi H., Wang P., Jiang L. Numerical investigation on aerodynamic performance and interaction of a lift-offset coaxial rotor in forward flight // International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences. 2022. Vol. 23. Pp. 255–264. DOI: 10.1007/s42405-022-00444-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qi, H., Wang, P., Jiang, L. (2022). Numerical investigation on aerodynamic performance and interaction of a lift-offset coaxial rotor in forward flight. International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences, vol. 23, pp. 255–264. DOI: 10.1007/s42405-022-00444-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang Y. Analysis of the aeroacoustic characteristics of a rigid coaxial rotor in forward flight based on the CFD/VVPM Hybrid Method / Y. Yang, G. Xu, Y. Shi, Z. Hu [Электронный ресурс] // Aerospace. 2024. Vol. 11, iss. 21 p. DOI: 10.3390/aerospace11010021 (дата обращения: 10.08.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang, Y., Xu, G., Shi, Y., Hu, Z. (2024). Analysis of the aeroacoustic characteristics of a rigid coaxial rotor in forward flight based on the CFD/VVPM Hybrid Method. Aerospace, vol. 11, issue 1, 21 p. DOI: 10.3390/aerospace11010021 (accessed: 10.08.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koehl A. Aerodynamic modelling and experimental identification of a coaxial-rotor UAV / A. Koehl, H. Rafaralahy, M. Boutayeb, D. Martinez // Journal of Intelligent &amp; Robotic Systems. 2012. Vol. 68. Pp. 53–68. DOI: 10.1007/s10846-012-9665-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koehl, A., Rafaralahy, H., Boutayeb, M., Martinez, B. (2012). Aerodynamic modelling and experimental identification of a coaxial-rotor UAV. Journal of Intelligent &amp; Robotic Systems, vol. 68, pp. 53–68. DOI: 10.1007/s10846-012-9665-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shukla D., Komerath N. Drone scale coaxial rotor aerodynamic interactions investigation [Электронный ресурс] // Journal of Fluids Engineering. 2019. Vol. 141, no. 7. ID: 071106. 10 p. DOI: 10.1115/1.4042162 (дата обращения: 10.08.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shukla, D., Komerath, N. (2019). Drone scale coaxial rotor aerodynamic interacttions investigation. Journal of Fluids Engineering, vol. 141, no. 7, ID: 071106, 10 p. DOI: 10.1115/1.4042162 (accessed: 10.08.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu W. Aerodynamic analysis of rotor spacing and attitude transition in tilt-powered coaxial rotor UAV / W. Wu, X. Tan, X. Liu, A. Luo, L. Niu [Электронный ресурс] // Sensors. 2024. Vol. 24. ID: 7115. 17 p. DOI: 10.3390/s24227115 (дата обращения: 10.08.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu, W., Tan, X., Liu, X., Luo, A., Niu, L. (2024). Aerodynamic analysis of rotor spacing and attitude transition in tilt-powered coaxial rotor UAV. Sensors, vol. 24, ID: 7115, 17 p. DOI: 10.3390/s24227115 (accessed: 10.08.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gan W. Aerodynamic investigation on a coaxial-rotors unmanned aerial vehicle of bionic Chinese parasol seed / W. Gan, Y. Wang, H. Wang, J. Zhuang [Электронный ресурс] // Biomimetics. 2024. Vol. 9. ID: 403. 22 p. DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9070403 (дата обращения: 10.08.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gan, W., Wang, Y., Wang, H., Zhuang, J. (2024). Aerodynamic investigation on a coaxial-rotors unmanned aerial vehicle of bionic Chinese parasol seed. Biomimetics, vol. 9, ID: 403, 22 p. DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9070403 (accessed: 10.08.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шайдаков В.И., Игнаткин Ю.М., Маслов А.Д. Аэродинамические характеристики несущих винтов двухвинтовых вертолетов: учеб. пособие. М.: МАИ, 1983. 39 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shaidakov, V.I., Ignatkin, Yu.M., Maslov, A.D. (1983). Aerodynamic characteristics of twin-rotor helicopter rotors. Moscow: MAI Publ., 39 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шайдаков В.И. Алгоритмы и программы расчетов в задачах динамики вертолета: учеб. пособие / В.И. Шайдаков, И.С. Трошин, Ю.М. Игнаткин, Б.Л. Артамонов. М.: МАИ, 1984. 53 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shaidakov, V.I., Troshin, I.S., Ignatkin, Yu.M., Artamonov, B.L. (1984). Algorithms and calculation programs for helicopter dynamics problems. Moscow: MAI Publ., 53 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Игнаткин Ю.М. Нелинейная лопастная вихревая теория винта и ее приложения для расчета аэродинамических характеристик несущих и рулевых винтов вертолета / Ю.М. Игнаткин, П.В. Макеев, А.И. Шомов, Б.С. Гревцов [Электронный ресурс] // Вестник Московского авиационного института. 2009. Т. 16, № 5. C. 24–31. URL: https://vestnikmai.ru/eng/publications.php?ID=12351 (дата обращения: 10.08.2025)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ignatkin, Yu.M., Makeev, P.V., Grevtsov, B.S., Shomov, A.I. (2009). A nonlinear blade vortex propeller theory and its applications to estimate aerodynamic characteristics for helicopter main rotor and anti-torque rotor. Vestnik MAI, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 24–31. Available at: https://vestnikmai.ru/eng/publications.php?ID=12351 (accessed: 10.08.2025). (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Konstantinov S.G. Comparative study of coaxial main rotor aerodynamics in the hover with the usage of two methods of computational fluid dynamics / S.G. Konstantinov, Yu.M. Ig‐ natkin, P.V. Makeev, S.O. Nikitin [Электронный ресурс] // Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management. 2021. Vol. 13. 14 p. DOI: 10.1590/jatm.v13.1210 (дата обращения: 10.08.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konstantinov, S.G., Ignatkin, Yu.M., Makeev, P.V., Nikitin, S.O. (2021). Compa‐ rative study of coaxial main rotor aerodynamics in the hover with the usage of two methods of computational fluid dynamics. Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management, vol. 13, 14 p. DOI: 10.1590/jatm.v13.1210 (accessed: 10.08.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Konstantinov S.G. Comparative study of coaxial main rotor aerodynamics at forward flight based on free wake model and unsteady reynolds-averaged navier–stokes method / S.G. Konstantinov, Yu.M. Ignatkin, P.V. Makeev, A.I. Shomov, S.O. Nikitin [Электронный ресурс] // Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management. 2022. Vol. 14. 13 p. DOI: 10.1590/jatm.v14.1250 (дата обращения: 10.08.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konstantinov, S.G., Ignatkin, Yu.M., Makeev, P.V., Shomov, A.I., Nikitin, S.O. (2022). Comparative study of coaxial main rotor aerodynamics at forward flight based on free wake model and unsteady reynolds-averaged navier–stokes method. Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management, vol. 14, 13 p. DOI: 10.1590/jatm.v14.1250 (accessed: 10.08.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Игнаткин Ю.М., Константинов С.Г. Исследование аэродинамических характеристик планера вертолетов методом CFD // Полет. Общероссийский научно-технический журнал. 2017. № 9-10. С. 34–41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ignatkin, Yu.M., Konstantinov, S.G. (2017). Researches of aerodynamic characte‐ ristics of planer helicopters using CFD-method. All-Russian Scientific-Technical Journal “Polyot” (“Flight”), no. 9-10, pp. 34–41. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
