<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">caht</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Научный вестник МГТУ ГА</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Civil Aviation High Technologies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-0619</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-0119</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation (MSTU CA)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26467/2079-0619-2025-28-6-37-52</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">caht-2670</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТРАНСПОРТНЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>К вопросу идентификации параметров полной модели литийионных аккумуляторов, полученной методом математического прототипирования энергетических процессов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>On the issue of identifying the parameters of the complete model of lithium-ion batteries obtained through the method of mathematical prototyping of energy processes</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гавриленков</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gavrilenkov</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гавриленков Станислав Иванович, аспирант кафедры электротехники и авиационного электрооборудования</p><p>г. Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Stanislav I. Gavrilenkov, Postgraduate Student, Electrical Engineering and Aviation Electrical Equipment Chair</title></sec><sec><title>Moscow</title></sec></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный технический университет гражданской авиации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>37</fpage><lpage>52</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гавриленков С.И., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гавриленков С.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gavrilenkov S.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://avia.mstuca.ru/jour/article/view/2670">https://avia.mstuca.ru/jour/article/view/2670</self-uri><abstract><p>В работе рассматривается проблема идентификации параметров полной математической модели литийионных аккумуляторов (ЛИА), построенной на основе метода математического прототипирования энергетических процессов (ММПЭП). Актуальность темы обусловлена растущим применением ЛИА в авиации, в том числе в беспилотных авиационных системах, и необходимостью обеспечения надежности и долговечности аккумуляторов за счет точного прогнозирования их характеристик. Описан подход ММПЭП, который позволяет получать модели, строго соответствующие законам сохранения энергии и законам термодинамики, а также учитывать физико-химические особенности конкретных аккумуляторов. Особое внимание уделяется этапам идентификации параметров модели – от первичного приближения на основе экспериментальных данных до дальнейшей оптимизации с помощью современных численных методов и алгоритмов машинного обучения. Проводится анализ современных инструментов для идентификации параметров, включая алгоритмы XGBoost, Random Forest и нейронные сети. Описан опыт построения и обучения инверсной нейронной сети на синтетических данных, сгенерированных на основе полной модели ЛИА, и отмечены особенности подготовки и отбора обучающих данных для улучшения качества предсказаний. Проведен анализ чувствительности модели к различным параметрам, что позволило выделить наиболее значимые параметры для последующей идентификации и повышения точности диагностики состояния аккумуляторов. Представлена архитектура нейронной сети, сочетающая обработку временных рядов и статических признаков, и показаны результаты экспериментов по предсказанию ключевых параметров ЛИА. Отмечено, что полученная нейронная сеть может быть полезна на этапе грубой идентификации параметров, а дальнейшее развитие данного направления связано с использованием более сложных архитектур и интеграции физически информированных подходов для получения более точных математических моделей, которые могут быть положены в основу создания цифровых двойников литийионных аккумуляторов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This paper examines the problem of identifying the parameters of a complete mathematical model of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), based on the Method of Mathematical Prototyping of Energy Processes (MMPEP). The relevance of this topic is due to the increasing use of LIBs in aviation, including unmanned aerial systems, and the necessity to ensure the reliability and durability of batteries through accurate prediction of their characteristics. The MMPEP approach is outlined, which makes it possible to obtain models that rigorously comply with the laws of energy conservation and thermodynamics, while also considering the physicochemical characteristics of specific batteries. Particular focus is given to the stages of model parameter identification – from initial approximation based on experimental data to further optimization using modern numerical methods and machine learning algorithms. The study analyzes current tools for parameter identification, including XGBoost, Random Forest, and neural networks. It describes the development and training of an inverse neural network on synthetic data generated from the complete LIB model, and highlights the features of preparing and selecting strategies to improve prediction quality. A sensitivity analysis of the model to the various parameters is conducted, thereby enabling more targeted identification and improving the accuracy of battery diagnostics. The neural network architecture combining time-series processing and static features is presented, along with the results of experiments predicting key LIB parameters. It is noted that the obtained neural network can be useful in the rough parameter identification stage, whereas further developments will involve more complex architectures and integration of physically informed approaches to achieve more accurate mathematical models that can serve as the basis for creating digital twins of lithium- ion batteries.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>литийионный аккумулятор</kwd><kwd>метод математического прототипирования энергетических процессов</kwd><kwd>идентификация параметров</kwd><kwd>нейронные сети</kwd><kwd>анализ чувствительности</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>lithium-ion battery</kwd><kwd>method of mathematical prototyping of energy processes</kwd><kwd>parameter identification</kwd><kwd>neural networks</kwd><kwd>sensitivity analysis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванов В.В., Мараховский И.В., Кравченко С.В. Формирование требований к авиационным литий-ионным аккумуляторным батареям // X научные чтения, посвященные памяти Н.Е. Жуковского: материалы Всероссийской научно-технической конференции. М.: ИД Академии имени Н.Е. Жуковского, 2013. С. 303–306.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanov, V.V., Marakhovskiy, I.V., Kravchenko, S.V. (2013). Formulation of requirements for aviation lithium-ion batteries. In: X nauchnyye chteniya, posvyashchennyye pamyati N.Ye. Zhukovskogo: materialy Vserossiyskoy nauchno-tekhnicheskoy konferentsii. Moscow: Izdatelkiy dom Akademii imeni N.E. Zhukovsky, pp. 303–306. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кедринский И.А., Яковлев В.Г. Li-ионные аккумуляторы. Красноярск: Платина, 2002. 268 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kedrinskiy, I.A., Yakovlev, V.G. (2002). Lithium-ion batteries. Krasnoyarsk: Platina, 268 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Старостин И.Е., Степанкин А.Г. Программная реализация методов современной неравновесной термодинамики и система симуляции физико-химических процессов SimulationNonEqProcSS v.0.1.0: монография. Бо Бассен, Маврикий: Lambert Academic Publishing, 2019. 127 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Starostin, I.E., Stepankin, A.G. (2019). Software implementation of modern nonequilibrium thermodynamics methods and simulation system of physicochemical processes SimulationNonEqProcSS v.0.1.0: Monograph. Beau Bassin, Mauritius: Lambert Academic Publishing, 127 p. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Старостин И.Е., Халютин С.П. Аналитическая модель динамики напряжения литийионного аккумулятора // Электричество. 2024. № 10. С. 13–22. DOI: 10.24160/0013-5380-2024-10-13-22</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Starostin, I.E., Khalyutin, S.P. (2024). An analytical model of lithium-ion battery voltage dynamics. Elektrichestvo, no. 10, pp. 13–22. DOI: 10.24160/0013-5380-2024-10-13-22 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khalyutin S.P., Starostin I.E., Agafonkina I.V. Generalized method of mathematical prototyping of energy processes for digital twins development [Электронный ресурс] // Energies. 2023. Vol. 16, iss. 4. ID: 1933. DOI: 10.3390/en16041933 (дата обращения: 10.03.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khalyutin, S.P., Starostin, I.E., Agafonkina, I.V. (2023). Generalized method of mathematical prototyping of energy processes for digital twins development. Energies, vol. 16, issue 4, ID: 1933. DOI: 10.3390/en16041933 (accessed: 10.03.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Халютин С.П. Цифровые двойники в теории и практике авиационной электроэнергетики / С.П. Халютин, И.Е. Старостин, А.О. Давидов, В.П. Харьков, Б.В. Жмуров // Электричество. 2022. № 10. С. 4–13. DOI: 10.24160/0013-5380-2022-10-4-13</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khalyutin, S.P., Starostin, I.E., Davidov, A.O., Kharkov, V.P., Zhmurov, B.V. (2022). Digital twins in the theory and practices of aircraft electrical power systems. Elektrichestvo, vol. 10, pp. 4–13. DOI: 10.24160/00135380-2022-10-4-13 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Старостин И.Е. Построение на основе интерполяции моделей различных физических и химических систем методом математического прототипирования энергетических процессов // Надежность и качество сложных систем. 2024. № 1 (45). С. 49–58. DOI: 10.21685/2307-4205-2024-1-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Starostin, I.E. (2024). Building, based on interpolation, models of various physical and chemical systems by method of mathematical prototyping of energy processes. Reliability and Quality of Complex Systems, no. 1 (45), pp. 49–58. DOI: 10.21685/2307-4205-2024-1-6 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Старостин И.Е., Дружинин А.А., Гавриленков С.И. Использование машинного обучения с учителем для построения математических моделей систем методом математического прототипирования энергетических процессов // Труды Международного симпозиума «Надежность и качество». 2023. Т. 1. С. 66–72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Starostin, I.E., Druzhinin, A.A., Gavrilenkov, S.I. (2023). Application of supervised machine learning for building mathematical models of systems by the method of mathematical prototyping of energy processes. In: Trudy Mezhdunarodnogo simpoziuma “Nadezhnost i kachestvo”, vol. 1, pp. 66–72. (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Starostin I. The development of a mathematical model of lithium-ion battery discharge characteristics / I. Starostin, S. Khalyutin, A. Davidov, A. Lyovin, A. Trubachev // Proceedings – ICOECS 2019: 2019 international conference on electrotechnical complexes and systems. Ufa, 2019. Pp. 8949976. DOI: 10.1109/ICOECS46375.2019.8949976</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Starostin, I.E., Khalyutin, S.P., Davidov, A.A., Levin, A.V., Trubachev, A.I. (2019). The development of a mathematical model of lithium-ion battery discharge characteristics. In: Proceedings ICOECS 2019: 2019 international conference on electrotechnical complexes and systems, pp. 8949976. DOI: 10.1109/ICOECS46375.2019.8949976</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Старостин И.Е., Гавриленков С.И. Архитектура математического ядра цифровых двойников различных физико-химических систем на базе метода математического прототипирования энергетических процессов // Надежность и качество сложных систем. 2024. № 4 (48). С. 160–168. DOI: 10.21685/2307-4205-2024-4-17</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Starostin, I.E., Gavrilenkov, S.I. (2024). Architecture of the mathematical core of digital twins of various physical and chemical systems based on the method of mathematical prototyping of energy processes. Reliability and Quality of Complex Systems, no. 4 (48), pp. 160–168. DOI: 10.21685/2307-4205-2024-4-17 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Старостин И.Е., Дружинин А.А. Аналитическое приближение решений уравнений метода математического прототипирования энергетических процессов путем качественного анализа этих уравнений // Надежность и качество сложных систем. 2023. № 2 (42). С. 22–31. DOI: 10.21685/2307-4205-2023-2-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Starostin, I.E., Druzhinin, A.A. (2023). Analytical approximation of solutions of equations of the method of mathematical prototyping of energy processes by qualitative analysis of these equations. Reliability and Quality of Complex Systems, no. 2 (42), pp. 22–31. DOI: 10.21685/2307-4205-2023-2-3 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Старостин И.Е., Гавриленков С.И. Задание функций состояния для потенциалов взаимодействия, приведенных теплоемкостей и приведенных тепловых эффектов, входящих в уравнения метода математического прототипирования энергетических процессов // Надежность и качество сложных систем. 2025. № 1 (49). С. 36–43. DOI: 10.21685/ 2307-4205-2025-1-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Starostin, I.E., Gavrilenkov, S.I. (2025). Assignment of state functions for interaction potentials, reduced heat capacities and reduced thermal effects included in the equations of the method of mathematical prototyping of energy processes. Reliability and Quality of Complex Systems, no. 1 (49), pp. 36–44. DOI: 10.21685/2307-4205-2025-1-5 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alshawabkeh A., Matar M., Almutairy F. Parameters identification for lithium-ion battery models using the levenberg–marquardt algorithm [Электронный ресурс] // World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2024. Vol. 15, iss. 9. ID: 406. DOI: 10.3390/wevj15090406 (дата обращения: 26.03.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alshawabkeh, A., Matar, M., Almutairy, F. (2024). Parameters identification for lithium-ion battery models using the LevenbergMarquardt algorithm. World Electric Vehicle Journal, vol. 15, issue 9, ID: 406. DOI: 10.3390/wevj15090406 (accessed: 26.03.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lian Y., Qiao D. A novel capacity estimation method for lithium-ion batteries based on the adam algorithm [Электронный ресурс] // Batteries. 2023. Vol. 11, iss. 3. ID: 85. DOI: 10.3390/batteries11030085 (дата обращения: 26.03.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lian, Y., Qiao, D. (2023). A novel capacity estimation method for lithium-ion batteries based on the adam algorithm. Batteries, vol. 11, issue 3. ID: 85. DOI: 10.3390/ batteries11030085 (accessed: 26.03.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pi J. Parameter identification for electrochemical models of lithium-ion batteries using bayesian optimization / J. Pi, S.F. da Silva, M.F. Ozkan, A. Gupta, M. Canova // IFAC-PapersOnLine. 2024. Vol. 57, no. 1. Pp. 180–185. DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2024.12.031</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pi, J., da Silva, S.F., Ozkan, M.F., Gupta, A., Canova, M. (2024). Parameter identification for electrochemical models of lithiumion batteries using Bayesian optimization. IFAC-PapersOnLine, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 180–185. DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2024.12.031</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Starostin I.E., Druzhinin A.A. The concept of a software and technological platform for digital twins based on energy dynamics methods // 2023 5th International Youth Conference on Radio Electronics, Electrical and Power Engineering (REEPE), 2023. Pp. 1–6. DOI: 10.1109/REEPE57272.2023.10086710</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Starostin, I.E., Druzhinin, A.A. (2023). The concept of a software and technological platform for digital twins based on energy dynamics methods. In: 2023 5th International Youth Conference on Radio Electronics, Electrical and Power Engineering (REEPE), pp. 1–6. DOI: 10.1109/REEPE57272.2023.10086710</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Song S., Fei C., Xia H. Lithium-Ion Battery SOH Estimation Based on XGBoost Algorithm with Accuracy Correction [Электронный ресурс] // Energies. 2020. Vol. 13, iss. 4. ID: 812. DOI: 10.3390/en13040812 (дата обращения: 26.03.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Song, S., Fei, C., Xia, H. (2020). Lithium-Ion Battery SOH Estimation Based on XGBoost Algorithm with Accuracy Correction. Energies, vol. 13, issue 4, ID: 812. DOI: 10.3390/en13040812 (accessed: 26.03.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Naaz N., Channegowda J. XGBoost based synthetic battery parameter generation to overcome limited battery dataset challenges // 2022 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Smart Grid, and Renewable Energy (PESGRE). India, Trivandrum, 2022. Pp. 1–4. DOI: 10.1109/PESGRE52268.2022.9715814</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naaz, N., Channegowda, J. (2022). XGBoost based synthetic battery parameter generation to overcome limited battery dataset challenges. In: 2022 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Smart Grid, and Renewable Energy (PESGRE). India, Trivandrum, pp. 1–4. DOI: 10.1109/PESGRE52268. 2022.9715814</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heinrich F., Klapper P., Pruckner M. A comprehensive study on battery electric modeling approaches based on machine learning [Электронный ресурс] // Energy Informatics. 2021. Vol. 4. ID: 17. DOI: 10.1186/s42162-02100171-7 (дата обращения: 26.03.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heinrich, F., Klapper, P., Pruckner, M. (2021). A comprehensive study on battery electric modeling approaches based on machine learning. Energy Informatics, vol. 4, ID: 17. DOI: 10.1186/s42162-021-00171-7 (accessed: 26.03.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh S. Hybrid modeling of lithiumion battery: physics-informed neural network for battery state estimation / S. Singh, Y.E. Ebongue, S. Rezaei, K.P. Birke [Электронный ресурс] // Batteries. 2023. Vol. 9, iss. 6. ID: 301. DOI: 10.3390/batteries9060301 (дата обращения: 26.03.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh, S., Ebongue, Y.E., Rezaei, S., Birke, K.P. (2023). Hybrid modeling of lithiumion battery: physics-informed neural network for battery state estimation. Batteries, vol. 9, issue 6, ID: 301. DOI: 10.3390/batteries9060301 (accessed: 26.03.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang J. A physics-informed neural network approach to parameter estimation of lithium-ion battery electrochemical model / Wang, Q. Peng, J. Meng, T. Liu, J. Peng, R. Teodorescu [Электронный ресурс] // Journal of Power Sources. 2024. Vol. 621. ID: 235271. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235271 (дата обращения: 26.03.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang, J., Peng, Q., Meng, J., Liu, T., Peng, J., Teodorescu, R. (2024). A physicsinformed neural network approach to parameter estimation of lithium-ion battery electrochemical model. Journal of Power Sources, vol. 621, ID: 235271. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235271 (accessed: 26.03.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shen S. Deep convolutional neural networks with ensemble learning and transfer learning for capacity estimation of Lithium-Ion batteries / S. Shen, M. Sadoughi, M. Li, Z. Wang, C. Hu [Электронный ресурс] // Applied Energy. 2020. Vol. 260. ID: 114244. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114244 (дата обращения: 26.03.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shen, S., Sadoughi, M., Li, M., Wang, Z., Hu, C. (2020). Deep convolutional neural networks with ensemble learning and transfer learning for capacity estimation of Lithium-Ion batteries. Applied Energy, vol. 260, ID: 114244. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114244 (accessed: 26.03.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
