cahtНаучный вестник МГТУ ГАCivil Aviation High Technologies2079-06192542-0119Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation (MSTU CA)10.26467/2079-0619-2020-23-2-72-86caht-1676Research ArticleАВИАЦИОННАЯ И РАКЕТНО-КОСМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕХНИКАAVIATION, ROCKET AND SPACE TECHNOLOGYТехнология blockchain как инструмент управления цепями поставок с участием воздушного транспортаUse of blockchain technology as supply chain management system involving air transportПолешкинаИ. О.PoleshkinaI. O.

Irina O. Poleshkina - Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor, Chair of Transportation Organization on Air Transport

ipoleshkina@mstuca.aeroВасильеваН. В.VasilyevaN. V.

Васильева Наталья Валентиновна - кандидат технических наук, доцент кафедры экономики и управления на воздушном транспорте, декан факультета управления на воздушном транспорте

Natalya V. Vasilyeva - Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Chair of Economics and Management in Air Transport, Head of Department of Air Transport Management

n.vasileva@mstuca.aeroМосковский государственный технический университет гражданской авиацииРоссияMoscow State Technical University of Civil AviationRussian Federation2020220420202327286Copyright © Полешкина И.О., Васильева Н.В., 20202020Полешкина И.О., Васильева Н.В.Poleshkina I.O., Vasilyeva N.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://avia.mstuca.ru/jour/article/view/1676

В статье исследуется технология блокчейн в контексте ее использования для повышения скорости информационного обмена между участниками международных цепей/сетей поставок с участием воздушного транспорта. Рассмотрен международный опыт использования данной технологии различными компаниями (Maersk, Lufthansa, Walmart, Unilever, Nestle, Samsung, BritishAirways) в логистике и управлении цепями поставок. Выделены особенности международных цепей с использованием воздушного транспорта, которые заключаются в преобладании двух категорий грузов: товаров с высокой добавленной стоимостью (электронные устройства и их компоненты, товары индустрии моды, ювелирные украшения) и товаров, имеющих жесткие требования к срокам доставки (фармацевтическая продукция, живые животные, скоропортящаяся продукция, товары электронной коммерции и почта). Исследование показало, что скоропортящиеся грузы имеют большой потенциал для наращивания грузооборота авиакомпаний. Однако в настоящее время не существует единого универсального инструмента управления их ЦП, так как используемые инструменты (ERP, SRM, TMS, WMS) не обеспечивают полную прозрачность информационного обмена между всеми участниками. В технологии доставки скоропортящихся грузов воздушным транспортом наиболее проблемным этапом является наземная обработка грузов в аэропорту отправления и аэропорту назначения. Сложности возникают при проверке корректности оформления документов, маркировки и подлинности информации о происхождении продукции. Предложен механизм использования технологии блокчейн в сочетании с технологиями IoT и смарт-контракт для управления цепями поставок скоропортящейся продукции с использованием воздушного транспорта. Использование данной технологии позволит: сократить время процедур проверки документов, таможенного оформления и фитосанитарного контроля за счет полного отслеживания продукции с момента его производства, упростить выявление контрафактной продукции, повысить качество контроля пищевой безопасности, контролировать логистические операции и определять ответственность при нарушении условий доставки, оптимизировать логистические процессы, автоматизировать исполнение финансовых операций. Использование данных технологий в сочетании с инновационными технологиями контроля качества пищевой продукции даст возможность существенно сократить логистические затраты в цепях поставок скоропортящейся продукции.

This article explores Blockchain Technology, and how it can be used in the context of information exchange between stakeholders in international supply chains and networks involving air transport. The article reviews the global experience with this technology of iconic companies (Maersk, Lufthansa, Walmart, Unilever, Nestle, Samsung, British Airways) in logistics and supply chain management. It highlights the features of international chains using air transport, which predominantly consist of two categories of goods: goods with high added value (electronic devices and their components, fashion industry products, jewelry) and goods with strict delivery time requirements (pharmaceuticals, live animals, perishable products, e-commerce products and mail). The study shows that perishable goods have great potential for increasing airline cargo turnover. However, at present, there is no single universal tool for managing their supply chains since the tools used (ERP, SRM, TMS, WMS) do not provide complete transparency of information exchange between all stakeholders. The most problematic stage in the delivery to control steps in the delivery of perishable goods by air occur on the ground, while goods are being handled at the airport of departure and the airport of destination. Difficulties arise while checking the correctness of paperwork, labeling and information authenticity about the product origin. The article suggests using block chain blockchain technology in combination with IoT and smart-contract technologies for SCM of perishable products using air transport. The use of this technology allows to reduce the time of document verification procedures. Customs clearance and phytosanitary control could be vastly improved. Overall tracking and monitoring of a product from the moment of its production to the destination simplifies the identification of any counterfeits, improves the quality of food safety control. A greater level of control becomes possible in logistics operations, to determine liability in possible delivery conditions’ violations cases. Overall optimization of the logistic processes, automatization of the execution of verified financial transactions can be achieved. The use of these technologies in combination with innovative technologies for food quality control will significantly reduce logistics costs in the supply chains of perishable products.

технология блокчейнвоздушный транспортскоропортящиеся грузыинформационный обментехнология доставкимеждународные цепи поставокназемное обслуживаниеинтернет вещейумный контрактblockchain technologyair transportperishable goodsinformation exchangedelivery technologyinternational supply chainsground handlingInternet of thingssmart contractReferencesПолешкина И.О. Управление цепями поставок как драйвер создания конкурентного преимущества компаний молочной сферы // Экономические и социальные перемены: факты, тенденции, прогноз. 2016. № 5 (47). С. 251-271.Poleshkina, I.O. (2016). Supply chain management as a driving force for generating competitive advantage for dairy companies. Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast, no. 5, pp. 251-271. (in Russian)Сергеев И. Использование технологии Блокчейн при мониторинге логистических операций в цепях поставок // Логистика. 2019. №8 (153). С. 36-42Sergeev, I. (2019). Use of Blockchain technology for monitoring logistics operations in the supply chains. Logistics, no. 8, pp. 36-42. (in Russian)Рожко О. Блокчейн как инструмент управления в логистике региона // Логистика. 2019. № 7. С. 8-11.Rozhko, O. (2019). Blockchain as a management instrument in digital logistics. Logistics, no. 7, pp. 8-11. (in Russian)Tien J.M. Internet of connected ServGoods: considerations, consequences and concerns // Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering. 2015. No. 24. Pp. 130-167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11518-015-5273-1Tien, J.M. (2015). Internet of connected ServGoods: considerations, consequences and concerns. Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering, no. 24, pp. 130-167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11518-015-5273-1Панюкова В.В. Международный опыт применения технологии Блокчейн при управлении цепями поставок // Экономика. Налоги. Право. 2018. Т. 11, № 4. С. 60-67. DOI: 10.26794/1999-849X-2018-11-4-60-67Panyukova, V.V. (2018). International experience of using Blockchain technology in supply chain management. Ekonomika. Nalogi. Pravo, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 60-67. DOI: 10.26794/1999-849X-2018-11-4-60-67 (in Russian)Gausdal A.H., Czachorowski K.V., Solesvik M.Z. Applying Blockchain technology: evidence from Norwegian companies // Sustainability. 2018. No. 10. P. 1985. DOI: 10.3390/su10061985Gausdal, A.H., Czachorowski, K.V. and Solesvik, M.Z. (2018). Applying Blockchain technology: evidence from Norwegian companies. Sustainability, no. 10, p. 1985. DOI: 10.3390/su10061985Lim J. New opportunities for start-ups in the maritime sector. MPA’s smart port challenge. in catalyses maritime industry towards greater innovation and digitalisation. corporate communications department, maritime and port authority of Singapore (MPA): Singapore, 2017.Lim, J. (2017). New opportunities for start-ups in the maritime sector. MPA’s Smart Port Challenge. In Catalyses Maritime Industry towards Greater Innovation and Digitalisation; Corporate Communications Department, Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA): Singapore, 2017.Ratul A., Megat F.Z., Nazmus S. Enhanced Blockchain transaction: a case of food supply chain management // Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 2020. Vol. 15, iss. 1. Pp. 99-106. DOI: 10.36478/jeasci.2020.99.106Md. Ratul, A., Megat, F.Z. and Md. Nazmus, S. (2020). Enhanced Blockchain transaction: a case of food supply chain management. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 15, issue 1, pp. 99-106. DOI: 10.36478/jeasci.2020.99.106Case Study: how Walmart brought unprecedented transparency to the food supply chain with Hyperledger Fabric/blockchain [Электронный ресурс] // Hyperledger. URL: https://www.hyperledger.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Hyperledger_CaseStudy_Walmart_Printable_V4.pdf (дата обращения 18.01.2020).Case Study: how Walmart brought unprecedented transparency to the food supply chain with Hyperledger Fabric/blockchain. Hyperledger. Available at: https://www.hyperledger.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Hyperledger_CaseStudy_Walmart_Printable_V4.pdf (accessed 18.01.2020).Hinsch M. Industrielles luftfahrtmanagement: technik und organisation luftfahrttechnischer betriebe. 3rd ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer Vieweg, 2017. 396 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-53075-7Hinsch, M. (2017). Industrielles luftfahrtmanagement: technik und organisation luftfahrttechnischer betriebe. 3rd ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer Vieweg, 396 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-53075-7Goudarzi H., Martin J., Warren S. White paper: Blockchain in aviation. [Электронный ресурс]. IATA. 2018 URL: https://www.iata.org/publications/Documents/ Blockchain-in-aviation-white-paper.pdf> (дата обращения 12.05.2019).Goudarzi, H., Martin, J. and Warren, S. (2018). White paper: Blockchain in aviation. IATA. Available at: https://www.iata.org/publications/Documents/ Blockchain-in-aviation-white-paper.pdf> (accessed 12.05.2019).De Meijer C.R.W. Blockchain and the aviation industry: fasten seatbelts for take off [Электронный ресурс] // Finextra. 2018. URL: https://www.finextra.com/blogposting/16452/blockchain-and-the-aviation-industry-fasten-seatbelts-for-take-off (дата обращения 18.01.2020).De Meijer, C.R.W. (2018). Blockchain and the aviation industry: fasten seatbelts for take off. Finextra. Available at: https://www.fmextra.com/blogposting/16452/blockchain-and-the-aviation-industry-fasten-seatbelts-for-take-off (accessed 18.01.2020).Schyga J., Hinckeldeyn J., Kreutzfeldt J. Prototype for a permissioned Blockchain in aircraft MRO / Ed. by K. Wolfgang, B. Thorsten, C.M. Ringle // Artificial Intelligence and Digital Transformation in Supply Chain Management: Innovative Approaches for Supply Chains. Proceedings of the Hamburg International Conference of Logistics (HICL), epubli GmbH, Berlin, 2019. Vol. 27. Pp. 469-505. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15480/882.2480Schyga, J., Hinckeldeyn, J. and Kreutzfeldt, J. (2019). Prototype for a permissioned blockchain in aircraft MRO, in K. Wolfgang, B. Thorsten, C.M. Ringle (Eds.). Artificial Intelligence and Digital Transformation in Supply Chain Management: Innovative Approaches for Supply Chains. Proceedings of the Hamburg International Conference of Logistics (HICL), epubli GmbH, Berlin, vol. 27, pp. 469-505. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15480/882.2480Madhwal Y., Panfilov P. Blockchain and supply chain management: aircrafts’ parts’ business case / Ed. by B. Katalinic // Proceedings of the 28th DAAAM International Symposium. Published by DAAAM International. Vienna, Austria, 2017. Pp. 1051-1056. DOI: 10.2507/28th.daaam.proceedings.146Madhwal, Y. and Panfilov, P. (2017). Blockchain and supply chain management: aircrafts’ parts’ business case. Proceedings of the 28th DAAAM International Symposium, in B. Katalin-ic (Ed.). Published by DAAAM International, Vienna, Austria, pp. 1051-1056. DOI: 10.2507/28th.daaam.proceedings.146Wood M. SITA: Blockchain “potentially game-changing” in the air industry [Электронный ресурс] // Ledger Insights Enterprise Blockchain News. 2019. URL: https://www.ledgerinsights.com/sita-blockchain-changing-air-industry/ (дата обращения 23.01.2020).Wood, M. (2019). SITA: Blockchain “potentially game-changing” in the air industry. Ledger Insights Enterprise Blockchain News. Available at: https://www.ledgerinsights.com/sita-blockchain-changing-air-industry/ (accessed 23.01.2020).Hasan H.R, Salah K. Blockchain-based proof of delivery of physical assets with single and multiple transporters // IEEE Access. 2018. Vol. 6. Pp. 46781-46793. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2866512Hasan, H.R. and Salah, K. (2018). Blockchain-based proof of delivery of physical assets with single and multiple transporters. IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 46781-46793. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2866512Stathakopoulous C., Cachin C. Threshold signatures for blockchain systems, IBM Research. Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 2017. 42 p.Stathakopoulous, C. and Cachin, C. (2017). Threshold signatures for Blockchain systems. IBM Research. Zurich: Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 42 p.Christidis K., Devetsikiotis M. Blockchains and smart contracts for the internet of things // Ieee Access. 2016. Vol. 4. Pp. 2292-2303. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2566339Christidis, K. and Devetsikiotis, M. (2016). Blockchains and smart contracts for the internet of things. Ieee Access, vol. 4, pp. 2292-2303. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2566339Rosic A. Smart contracts: the Blockchain technology that will replace lawyers [Электронный ресурс] // Blockgeeks. 2017. URL: https://blockgeeks.com/guides/smart-contracts/ (дата обращения 12.02.2020).Rosic, A. (2017). Smart contracts: the Blockchain technology that will replace lawyers. Blockgeeks. Available at: https://blockgeeks.com/guides/smart-contracts/ (accessed 12.02.2020).Ream J., Chu Y., Schatsky D. Upgrading Blockchains: smart contract use cases in industry // Deloltte Univercity Press. 2016. № 02 (04). Pp. 1-11.Ream, J., Chu, Y. and Schatsky, D. (2016). Upgrading Blockchains: smart contract use cases in industry. Deloltte Univercity Press, no. 02 (04), pp. 1-11.Kienzlen M. Sales and shrink by department [Электронный ресурс] // Where is My Shrink. URL: http://wheresmyshrink.com/shrinkbydepartment.html (дата обращения 10.10.2019).Kienzlen, M. Sales and shrink by Department. Where is My Shrink. Available at: http://wheresmyshrink.com/shrinkbydepartment.html (accessed 10.10.2019).Chaudhuri A. Decision-making in cold chain logistics using data analytics: a literature review / A. Chaudhuri, I. Dukovska-Popovska, N. Subramanian, H. Chan, R. Bai // International Journal of Logistics Management. 2018. Vol. 29, no. 3. Pp. 839-861. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLM-03-2017-0059Chaudhuri, A., Dukovska-Popovska, I., Subramanian, N., Chan, H. and Bai, R. (2018). Decision-making in cold chain logistics using data analytics: a literature review. International Journal of Logistics Management, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 839-861. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLM-03-2017-0059Hagen C. A fresh look: perishable supply chain go digital [Электронный ресурс] // A.T. Kearney. URL: https://www.atkearney.com/operations-performance-transformation/article?/a/a-fresh-look-perishable-supply-chains-go-digital (дата обращения 21.03.2019).Hagen, C. A fresh look: perishable supply chain go digital. A.T. Kearney. Available at: https://www.atkearney.com/operations-performance-transformation/article?/a/a-fresh-look-perishable-supply-chains-go-digital (accessed 21.03.2019).Air freight: a market study with implications for landlocked countries. Transport papers. The World Bank Group. 08.2019. 115 p.Air freight: a market study with implications for landlocked countries. Transport Papers. The World Bank Group, 08.2019, 115 p.Тарасенко Е. Сколько стоит разработка и внедрение Блокчейна (игры, смарт-контракта, кошелька, приложения) [Электронный ресурс] // Merehead. 2019. URL: https://merehead.com/ru/blog/how-much-does-it-cost-of-blockchain-implementation/ (дата обращения 23.12.2019).Tarasenko, Ye. (2019). Skolko stoit razrabotka i vnedreniye Blokcheyna (igry, smart-kontkontrakta, koshelka, prilozheniya) [How much does it cost to develop and intergrade a blockchain (games, smart contracts, wallet, applications)]. Merehead. Available at: https://merehead.com/ru/blog/how-much-does-it-cost-of-blockchain-implementation/ (accessed 23.12.2019). (in Russian)Сергеев В.И., Кокурин Д.И. Применение инновационной технологии «Блокчейн» в логистике и управлении цепями поставок // Креативная экономика. 2018. Т. 12, № 2. С. 125-140. DOI: 10.18334/ce.12.2.38833Sergeev, V.I. and Kokurin, D.I. (2018). Application of innovative technology "Block-chain" in logistics and supply chain management. Creative Economy, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 125-140. DOI: 10.18334/ce.12.2.38833. (in Russian)Xu L. Binding the physical and cyber worlds: a Blockchain approach for cargo supply chain security enhancement / L. Xu, L. Chen, Z. Gao, Y. Chang, E. Iakovou, W. Shi // IEEE International Symposium on Technologies for Homeland Security (HST), Woburn. 2018. Pp. 1-5. DOI: 10.1109/THS.2018.8574184Xu, L., Chen, L., Gao, Z., Chang, Y., Iakovou, E. and Shi, W. (2018). Binding the physical and cyber worlds: a Blockchain approach for cargo supply chain security enhancement. IEEE International Symposium on Technologies for Homeland Security (HST), Woburn, pp. 1-5. DOI: 10.1109/THS.2018.8574184

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.