<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">caht</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Научный вестник МГТУ ГА</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Civil Aviation High Technologies</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2079-0619</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-0119</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation (MSTU CA)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26467/2079-0619-2019-22-6-86-99</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">caht-1620</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АВИАЦИОННАЯ И РАКЕТНО-КОСМИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕХНИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>AVIATION, ROCKET AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Определение критериев прочности по условиям визуальной контролепригодности ударных повреждений в композитных авиационных конструкциях</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Determination of strength criteria on conditions  of visual testability of impact damage in composite aircraft constructions</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дубинский</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dubinskiy</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дубинский Станислав Вячеславович, кандидат физико-математических наук, заместитель начальника отделения</p><p>Жуковский</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><email xlink:type="simple">nio18@tsagi.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фейгенбаум</surname><given-names>Ю. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Feygenbaum</surname><given-names>Yu. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Фейгенбаум Юрий Моисеевич, кандидат технических наук, главный научный сотрудник</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сеник</surname><given-names>В. Я.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Senik</surname><given-names>V. Ya.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сеник Виталий Яковлевич, кандидат технических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник</p><p>Жуковский</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центральный аэрогидродинамический институт им. Н.Е. Жуковского</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Государственный научно-исследовательский институт гражданской авиации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>The State Scientific Research Institute of Civil Aviation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>86</fpage><lpage>99</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дубинский С.В., Фейгенбаум Ю.М., Сеник В.Я., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дубинский С.В., Фейгенбаум Ю.М., Сеник В.Я.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dubinskiy S.V., Feygenbaum Y.M., Senik V.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://avia.mstuca.ru/jour/article/view/1620">https://avia.mstuca.ru/jour/article/view/1620</self-uri><abstract><p>Одним из основных критериев прочности композитной авиационной конструкции по условиям допускаемых повреждений является минимальный размер дефекта от случайного ударного повреждения, который гарантированно обнаруживается при стандартных формах технического обслуживания самолета. Прочность конструкции, имеющей такие (называемые BVID – Barely Visible Impact Damage) и меньшие повреждения должна быть обеспечена при расчетной нагрузке. В работе выполнен анализ эксплуатационных факторов, влияющих на величину этого критерия. Исследовано влияние квалификации персонала, цвета поверхности, уровня загрязненности, расстояния до объекта, а также явления изменения размера дефекта во времени вследствие релаксации внутренних напряжений в поврежденной конструкции. Исследования проводились с использованием 90 углепластиковых трехстрингерных панелей различного цвета и степени чистоты, на которые 25-миллиметровым сферическим бойком были нанесены ударные повреждения. Всего было нанесено 80 ударов с энергией в диапазоне 3–107 Дж. В эксперименте по визуальной обнаруживаемости повреждений в различных условиях участвовали 42 специалиста, в том числе 25 сотрудников авиакомпаний. При статистической обработке экспериментальных данных и определении зависимости вероятности обнаружения повреждения от его размера использовалась функция Вейбулла. Оценка размера BVID по критерию «90/95» (95 % проверяющих должны обнаружить не менее 90 % дефектов с размером не меньше BVID) выполнялась с помощью технологии бутстреп-моделирования. Результаты проведенного исследования позволили оценить степень влияния различных эксплуатационных факторов на надежность выявления повреждений при визуальном эксплуатационном контроле и определить значения BVID в зависимости от комбинации этих факторов. В частности, показано, что на синей поверхности повреждения в ПКМ видны лучше, чем на красной или серой, при любом расстоянии до объекта. Выполненные исследования продемонстрировали существенное влияние релаксации (эффекта уменьшения со временем под воздействием различных факторов размеров поверхностного дефекта в композитной панели) на возможность выявления дефекта в эксплуатации. При этом критическое по сравнению с другими факторами влияние на релаксацию повреждений в ПКМ оказывает режим влагонасыщения конструкции при повышенных температурах. </p><p>Полученные результаты хорошо согласуются с опубликованными в иностранных источниках данными, существенно их дополняя и конкретизируя. На основе проведенных исследований сформулирован ряд рекомендаций для разработчиков и эксплуатантов авиационных конструкций из композиционных материалов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>One of the principal criteria of aircraft composite design strength on the conditions of damage tolerance is the minimum defect size of accidental impact damage that is sure to be located during regular maintenance checks. Construction strength with similar (BVID – Barely Visible Impact Damage) and smaller damages must be ensured under design load. The analysis of operational factors affecting the criterion value is conducted in the paper. The effects of personnel qualification, surface color, level of contamination, distance to the object as well as defect size variations during the time due to relaxation of inner strains in the damaged construction were studied.</p><p>Research was carried out using 90 carbon fiber three stinger panels of different color and contamination levels which were subject to impact damages by a 25 mm spherical striker. Totally 80 blows were struck when applying energy within the range of 3–107 J. In the visual damage detectability test under different conditions 42 experts were participated including 25 airlines inspectors. For the statistical analysis of empirical data and determination of dependence for the damage detection probability on its size, the Weibull function was utilized. Determination of BVID size using "90/95" criterion was performed by means of the bootstrap method (95% of inspectors must detect not less than 90% of defects with the size not smaller than BVID). The results obtained in this study enabled to access the degree of various operational factors impact on reliability of damage detectability during the visual inspection and determine BVID values depending on the combination of the given factors. In particular, it was demonstrated that from all the viewing distances the defects in polymer composite materials are more detectable on the blue surface than on the gray and red ones. Conducted research demonstrated a significant effect of relaxation (the reduction effect of the surface defect sizes in the composite panel affected by different factors during time span) on the probability of defect detectability during operation. Also water saturation of the construction under excessive temperatures has the critical compared with other factors impact on relaxation of damages in polymer composite materials. The obtained results accord with the data in foreign publications making them more supplement and specific. On the basis of conducted research the entire range of recommendations for aircraft designers and operators utilizing composite constructions is formulated. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>композитная конструкция</kwd><kwd>малозаметное ударное повреждение (BVID)</kwd><kwd>осмотр</kwd><kwd>релаксация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>composite construction</kwd><kwd>Barely Visible Impact Damage (BVID)</kwd><kwd>inspection</kwd><kwd>relaxation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Horton, R., Whitehead, R. Damage tolerance of composites: final report, Rept. AFWALTR-87-3030, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, 1988.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Horton, R., and Whitehead, R. (1988). Damage tolerance of composites: final report, Rept. AFWAL-TR-87-3030, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kan, H.P., Cordero, R., Whitehead, R.S. Advanced certification methodology for composite structures, Rept. DOT/FAA/AR-96/111, Naval Air Warfare Center-Aircraft Division Department of the Navy, Patuxent River, MD, 1997.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kan, H. P., Cordero, R., and Whitehead, R.S. (1997). Advanced certification methodology for composite structures, Rept. DOT/FAA/AR-96/111, Naval Air Warfare Center-Aircraft Division Department of the Navy, Patuxent River, MD.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tropis A. Certification of the composite outer wing of the ATR72 / A. Tropis, M. Thomas, J. Bounie, P. Lafon // Proceedings of the Institution of mechanical Engineers Part G. 1995. Vol. 209, issue, 4. Pp.327–339 DOI: 10.1243 / PIME_PROC_1995_209_307_02</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tropis, A. Thomas, M. Bounie, J. and Lafon, P. (1995). Certification of the composite outer wing of the ATR72. Proceedings of the Institution of mechanical Engineers Part G, vol. 209, issue, 4, Pp.327–339. DOI: 10.1243 / PIME_PROC_1995_209_307_02</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fawcett, A.J., Oaks, G.D. Boeing composite airframe damage tolerance and service experience, workshop for composite damage tolerance and maintenance: Presentation #2 of Session 1. National Institute for Aviation Research. Chicago. IL, 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fawcett, A.J., and Oaks, G.D. (2006). Boeing composite airframe damage tolerance and service experience, workshop for composite damage tolerance and maintenance: Presentation #2 of Session 1, National Institute for Aviation Research, Chicago, IL.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morteau, E., Fualdes, C. Airbus composites damage tolerance methodology, workshop for composite damage tolerance and maintenance: Presentation #1 of Session 1. National Institute for Aviation Research. Chicago. IL, 2006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morteau, E., and Fualdes, C. (2006).  Airbus composite airframe damage tolerance methodology, workshop for composite damage tolerance and maintenance: Presentation #1 of Session 1, National Institute for Aviation Research, Chicago, IL.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Spencer F.W. Visual inspection: Research Project Report on Benchmark Inspections // Technical Report No DOT/FAA/AR-96/65, U.S. Department of Transportation. Federal Aviation Administration. Washington, D.C., 1996. 59 p. DOI: 10.21949/1403546</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Spencer F.W. (1996). Visual inspection: Research Project Report on Benchmark Inspections. Technical Report No DOT/FAA/AR-96/65, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, D.C., 59 p. DOI: 10.21949/1403546</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Erhart, D., Ostrom, L.T., Wilhelmsen, C.A. Visual detectability of dents on a composite aircraft inspection specimen: an initial study // International Journal of Applied Aviation Studies. 2004. Vol. 4, no. 2. Pp. 111–122. FAA Academy, Oklahoma City.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Erhart, D., Ostrom, L.T. and Wilhelmsen, C.A. (2004). Visual detectability of dents on a composite aircraft inspection specimen: an initial study. // International Journal of Applied Aviation Studies, FAA Academy, Oklahoma City, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 111–122.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baaran J. Visual inspection of composite structures: EASA-Research Project/2007/3. Final Report. Braunschweig. Germany, 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baaran J. (2009). Visual inspection of composite structures. EASA-Research Project/2007/3 Final Report, Braunschweig, Germany.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cook L. Reliability of damage detection in advanced composite aircraft structures / L. Cook, A. Boulic, D. Harris, P. Bellamy, P.E. Irving // CAA Paper 2013/03. West Sussex. UK, 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cook, L., Boulic, A., Harris, D., Bellamy, P. and Irving, P.E. (2013). Reliability of damage detection in advanced composite aircraft structures. CAA Paper 2013/03, West Sussex, UK.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Komorowski, J.K., Gould, R.W., Marincak, A. Study of the effect of time and load on impact damage visibility // Proceedings of the Second Canadian International Composites Conference and Exhibition (CANCOM 93); in W. Wallace, R. Gauvin and S. V. Hoa (Ed.). Ottawa, Ont. 1993. Pp. 441–446.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Komorowski, J. K., Gould, R. W. and Marincak, A. (1993). Study of the effect of time and load on impact damage visibility. Proceedings of the Second Canadian International Composites Conference and Exhibition (CANCOM 93), in W. Wallace, R. Gauvin and S. V. Hoa (Ed.). Ottawa, Ont., pp. 441–446.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Komorowski, J.P., Gould, R.W., Simpson, D.L. Synergy between advanced composites and new NDI methods // Advanced Performance Materials. 1998. 5, 1/2. Pp. 137–151.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Komorowski, J.P., Gould, R.W. and Simpson, D.L. (1998). Synergy between advanced composites and new NDI methods. //Advanced Performance Materials, 5, 1/2, pp. 137–151.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дубинский С.В Закономерности реализации случайных ударных воздействий на конструкцию крыла коммерческого самолёта / С.В. Дубинский, Ю.М. Фейгенбаум, А.А. Селихов, С.А. Гвоздев, В.М. Ордынцев // Известия Самарского научного центра Российской академии наук. 2016. Т. 18, № 4–3. С. 604–611.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dubinskiy, S.V., Feygenbaum, Yu.M., Selikhov, A.A., Gvozdev, S.A. and Ordyntsev, V.M. (2016) Study of in-service accidental impacts on the wing construction of a  commercial aircraft. Izvestia of Samara Scientific Center of The Russian Academy of Sciences, vol. 18, no. 4–3,  pp. 604–611. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Фейгенбаум Ю.М. Опыт проведения и основные результаты экспериментальных исследований надежности выявления поверхностных дефектов композитной конструкции при проведении визуального контроля / Ю.М. Фейгенбаум, Е.С. Метелкин, Ю.А. Миколайчук, В.Я. Сеник, С.В. Дубинский, С.А. Гвоздев, И.Г. Хлебников // Научный Вестник ГосНИИ ГА. 2016. № 14. С. 75–89.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fеygenbaum, Yu.М., Metelkin, E.S., Mikolaychuk, Yu.A., Senik, V.Ya., Dubinskiy, S.V., Gvozdev, S.A. and Khlebnikov, I.G. (2016) Experience and principal results of analytical and experimental studies focused on evaluation of composite skin defect visual detection reliability. Scientific Herald of The State Research Institute of Civil Aviation, no. 14, pp. 75–89. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seber G., Lee A. Linear regression analysis. 2. New Jersey: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Hoboken, 2003. 582 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seber, G. and Lee, A. (2003). Linear regression analysis. 2nd edition, New Jersey: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Hoboken, 582 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fishman G.S. Monte Carlo: concepts, algorithms, and applications. New York: Springer, 1996. 698 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-2553-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fishman G.S. (1996). Monte Carlo: concepts, algorithms and applications. New York: Springer, 698 p. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-2553-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wright Stephen J. Coordinate descent algorithms // Mathematical Programming. 2015. Vol. 151, iss. 1. Pp. 3–34. DOI: 10.1007/s10107-015-0892-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wright Stephen J. (2015). Coordinate descent algorithms. //Mathematical Programming, vol. 151, issue1, pp. 3–34. DOI: 10.1007/s10107-015-0892-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Himmelblau D.M. Process analysis by statistical methods. New York: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 1970. 463 p. DOI: 10.1002/aic.690170103</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Himmelblau D.M. (1970). Process analysis by statistical methods. New York: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 463 p. DOI: 10.1002/aic.690170103</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lawless J.F. Statistical models and methods for lifetime data. 2nd ed. New Jersey: John Wiley &amp;Sons, Hoboken, 2003. Pp. 478–481.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lawless J. F. Statistical models and methods for lifetime data. 2nd edition,New Jersey: John Wiley &amp;Sons, Hoboken, pp. 478–481.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Efron B. Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife // The Annals of Statistics. 1979. Vol. 7, no. 1. Pp. 1–26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Efron B. (1979). Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife. The Annals of Statistics, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
